The objective of this course is to improve on a philosophical understanding of work in the field of ancient rhetoric, by completing a reading of texts in translation derived primarily from the Greek and Roman period of classical antiquity. These texts were preserved through the later medieval period by Islamic and Jewish philosophers of the Middle Eastern golden age, before being reassessed again during the enlightenment period of early modern philosophy. Therefore, they continue to constitute the basis for our modern, contemporary philosophy. As we are more specifically interested in discerning the relevant argumentative material and in contrast to general Rhetoric courses dealing with the classics, we have preferred a set of essays, oratory, lectures, and letters in the place of dramas, histories, and poetry.

Rhetoric is primarily the study of how to make arguments that work, which is to say that every work of philosophy and moreover all of those in the broader humanities at large draw upon this skill fundamentally. Despite this, we have disavowed its significance to ourselves, setting it aside as secondary to the study of ethics, logic, and metaphysics. By focusing in on the rhetorical aspects of these texts, we aim to avoid the error of metastasizing the myths, morals, science, and religion of our own time, reading all of this back into a whole segregated tradition of philosophy only to serve as a means of proving that we were right to believe what we already did because of how it gets seen to be eternal. Material from these domains remain potentially admissible to our inquiry at the same time - in relation to how they may advance any given argument internally to its own movement.

What we find today is that theory remains contested by hucksters inclined to coerce the public with a deceptive and often outright fallacious sense of understanding, even asking for them to pay on top of it. So, we can still say now that when Plato and Aristotle depict Socrates in the Dialogues as being opposed to the common sophistry of his age, determining it to be the essential and necessary ‘other’ of philosophy, they set its target rightly. Unlike each of the famous Cynics and Skeptics though, Socrates does not reject the tradition wholesale but instead subjects it to a sequence of precise questions meant to undermine it on the terms of its own foundations, commonly referred to as the dialectical method. Socrates also does not grasp around for the right way of moderating pleasures as would the Epicureans or the Stoics, but concerns himself more directly with a method of acquiring truth.

Every text used in this course is (1) available in English translation from an academic press or from an academic’s self-published website and (2) an etext version of the text can be accessed on Library Genesis for the book-length texts or on Sci-Hub for the journal articles.

Topics Covered: The Seven Sages & Greek Drama, Sophism, Cynicism, Skepticism, Epicureanism, Stoicism, and the followers of Socrates.

Dramatis Personae

The Sophists
The Seven Sages, Antiphon, Prodicus, Hippias, Cratylus, Thrasymachus, Gorgias, Callicles, Protagoras, Phaedrus, Lycophron, Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Aelius Aristides, Lucian, Maximus of Tyre, Philostratus, Himerius, Libanius, Eunapius

The Cynics
Antisthenes, Diogenes of Sinope, Crates of Thebes, Sallust, Jesus, Demetrius, Demonax

The Skeptics
Heraclitus, Isocrates, Cicero, Unknown author of On the Sublime, Sextus Empiricus

The Epicureans
Epicurus, Lucretius, Diogenes of Oenoanda

The Stoics
Seneca the Younger, Gaius Musonius Rufus, Dio Chrysostom, Epictetus, Hierocles, Marcus Aurelius

The Socratics
Plato, Aristotle, Quintilian, Plutarch, Apuleius, Plotinus, Iamblichus, Emperor Julian, Themistius, Augustine

Sophism

Module 1

Intro: The Seven Sages & Greek Drama, c. 700-400 bc

Martin, R. P. “The Seven Sages as Performers of Wisdom,“in C. Dougherty and L. Kurke (eds.), Cultural Poetics in Archaic Greece. Cambridge University Press. 1993. pp. 108-128

Sansone, David. Greek Drama and the Invention of Rhetoric. John Wiley & Sons. 2012

  • The Second Stage: The Invention of Rhetoric, Paradigm Shift Happens. pp. 117-146

Kennedy, George. The Art Of Persuasion In Greece. Princeton University Press. 1963

  • Introduction: The Nature of Rhetoric, Techniques of Persuasion in Greek Literature before 400 B.C. pp. 1-51

Module 2

What is a Sophist?

Guthrie, W. K. C. Vol. 3, Part 1 of History of Greek Philosophy: The Sophists. Cambridge University Press. 1969

  • Intro, What is a Sophist? pp. 1-54

Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ed. The Older Sophists. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 2001

  • Preface, Name and Notion, pp. i-2

Antiphon, 480-411 bc

Gagarin, Michael. Antiphon the Athenian: Oratory, Law, and Justice in the Age of the Sophists. University of Texas Press. 2002

  • Introduction, The Sophistic Period, Antiphon: The Life and Works. pp. 1-62
  • fragments of On Truth, On Cocord. pp. 63-102, 183-194

Xenophon. Memorabilia. 371 bc. pp. 1.6.1-.15 (Dialogue between Antiphon the Sophist and Socrates)
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0208&redirect=true

Guthrie, W. K. C. pp. 107-112, 285-293

Freeman, Kathleen. Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments in Diels, Fragmente Der Vorsokratiker. Harvard University Press. 1983. pp. 144-152

Kennedy, George.

  • The Attic Orators - Antiphon. pp. 125-132

(optional) Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ed. pp. 106-240

Module 3

Prodicus, 465-395 bc

Sprague, Rosamond Kent. pp. 70-85

Guthrie, W. K. C. pp. 222-225, 235-246, 274-279

Freeman, Kathleen. p. 140

Ambrose, Philip. Socrates and Prodicus in the Clouds. The Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsletter. No. 74. 1970. pp. 1-11

Papageorgiou, Nikolaos. Prodicus and the Agon of the Logoi in Aristophanes’ “Clouds”. Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica, New Series, Vol. 78, No. 3. 2004. pp. 61-69

Hippias, 443-399 bc

R. E. Allen, ed. The Dialogues of Plato, Vol. 3. Yale University Press. 1996

  • Plato. Hippias Minor. pp. 23-46 [363a-376c]

Benjamin Jowett, ed. The Dialogues of Plato

  • Plato. Hippias Major. pp. 387-408 [281a-304e]

Guthrie, W. K. C. pp. 280-284

Sprague, Rosamond Kent. pp. 94-105

Freeman, Kathleen. pp. 142-143

Cratylus, late 5th c. bc

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Cratylus. pp. 107-194 [383a -440e]

Guthrie, W. K. C. pp. 200-203

Freeman, Kathleen. p. 90

Riley, Michael W. Plato’s Cratylus: Argument, Form, and Structure. Rodopi. 2005. pp. 1-134

(optional) Baxter, Timothy M. S. The Cratylus: Plato’s critique of naming. Brill. 1992. pp. 1-187

(optional) Ewegen, S. Montgomery. Plato’s Cratylus: The Comedy of Language. Indiana University Press. 2013. pp. 1-190

Module 4

Thrasymachus 459-399 bc

Dionysius of Halicarnassus. On the Style of Demosthenes

Benjamin Jowett, ed. The Dialogues of Plato. Oxford University Press. 1892

  • Plato. Republic Book I. pp. 1243-1276

Sprague, Rosamond Kent. pp. 86-93

Guthrie, W. K. C. pp. 84-100, 294-297

Freeman, Kathleen. p. 141

Hourani, George F. Thrasymachus’ Definition of Justice in Plato’s “Republic”. Phronesis. Vol. 7, No. 2. 1962. pp. 110-120

Warren, Edward. Plato’s Refutation of Thrasymachus: The Craft Argument. The Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsletter. No. 124. 1985. pp. 1-20
https://orb.binghamton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=sagp

Gorgias 483-375 bc

Gorgias; Brian R. Donovan, ed. Encomium of Helen
http://caseyboyle.net/3860/readings/encomium.html

Gorgias. Defense of Palamedes
Gorgias. Poetry and Art
Gorgias. Persuasion
Gorgias. On Nature
http://www.humanistictexts.org/gorgias.htm

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Gorgias. pp. 287-351 [447a-481b]

Joe Sachs, ed. Plato: Gorgias and Aristotle: Rhetoric. Focus. 2008

  • Aristotle. Rhetoric. pp. [1405b34, 1406b4, B11.8, B11.14, B3.29-30]

Kennedy, George.

  • Early Rhetorical Theory, Corax to Aristotle - Corax and Tisias, Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Isocrates pp. 52-73

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H., eds. Lectures on the Philosophy of History, The Sophists. 1805 (translation 1892)
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpsophists.htm

Caston, Victor. Gorgias on Thought and its Objects, in Presocratic Philosophy. in V. Caston and D.W. Graham (eds.). Ashgate. 2002. pp. 205-232
http://ancphil.lsa.umich.edu/-/downloads/faculty/caston/gorgias-thought-objects.pdf

Wardy, Robert. The Birth Of Rhetoric Gorgias, Plato And Their Successors. Routledge. 1996. pp. 1-145

Sprague, Rosamond Kent. pp. 30-67

Guthrie, W. K. C. pp. 192-199, 269-273

Freeman, Kathleen. pp. 127-138

Callicles 484-late 5th c. bc

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Gorgias. pp. 351-386 [481c - 505b, 505c-527e]

Guthrie, W. K. C. pp. 101-106

Klosko, George. The Refutation of Callicles in Plato’s ‘Gorgias’. Greece & Rome. Vol. 31, No. 2. 1984. pp. 126-139

Stauffer, Devin. Socrates and Callicles: A Reading of Plato’s “Gorgias”. Cambridge University Press. 2002. pp. 627-657

Module 5

Protagoras 490-420 bc

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Protagoras. pp. 1197-1242 [309a-362a]

Laërtius, Diogenes. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Book IX, Ch 8, Protagoras. Loeb Classical Library. 1925 (orig. 3rd c. ce)
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/9/Protagoras*.html

Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ed. pp. 3-28

Freeman, Kathleen. pp. 125-126

Phaedrus 444-393 bc

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Phaedrus. pp. 1055-1114 [227a-279c]

Lycophron c. 320 bc

Aristotle; Rackman, H., ed. Politics. Harvard University Press and Tufts Perseus Digital Library. 2019 (orig. translation 1944). pp. [III 1280b]
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D3%3Asection%3D1280b

Aristotle; Makin, Stephen, ed. Aristotle: Metaphysics. Oxford University Press. 2006. pp. [VIII 6, 1045b10]

Joe Sachs, ed. Plato: Gorgias and Aristotle: Rhetoric. Focus. 2008

  • Aristotle. Rhetoric. pp. [III 1405b34]

Sprague, Rosamond Kent. p. 68-69

Guthrie, W. K. C. p. 313

Freeman, Kathleen. p. 139

Mulgan, Richard G. 1979. Lycophron and Greek Theories of Social Contract. Journal of the History of Ideas. Vol. 40, No. 1. 1979. pp. 121-128

Module 6

Marcus Cornelius Fronto 100 - late 160s ce

Marcus Cornelius Fronto; Haines, C. R., ed. The Correspondence of Marcus Cornelius Fronto With Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Lucius Verus, Antoninus Pius, And Various Friends. Forgotten Books. 2017. pp. 1-247
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Correspondence_of_Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto/Volume_1/Introduction
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Correspondence_of_Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto/Volume_1/Fronto,_the_Orator_and_the_Man
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Correspondence_of_Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto/Volume_2/The_Correspondence

Aelius Aristides 117-181 ce

Donald A. Russell, ed. In Praise of Asclepius, Aelius Aristides, Selected Prose Hymns. Mohr Siebeck. 2016. pp. 31-53

  • Aelius Aristides. Aelius Aristides
  • Aelius Aristides. The Sons of Asclepius
  • Aelius Aristides. On the well in the Sanctuary of Asclepius
  • Aelius Aristides. Address to Asclepius
  • Aelius Aristides. On the water in Pergamum

Module 7

Lucian 125-180 ce

Lucian; Hayes and Nimis. Faenum Publishing: Intermediate Greek Readers. 2012

Lucian; Davidson, Augusta M. Campbell, ed. Translations From Lucian. Cambridge University Press. 1902

Maximus of Tyre late 2nd c. ce

Maximus of Tyre; Trapp, M. B., ed. The Philosophical Orations. Clarendon Press. 1997. pp. xi-330

Lauwers, Jeroen. Philosophy, Rhetoric, and Sophistry in the High Roman Empire: Maximus of Tyre and Twelve Other Intellectuals. Brill Mnemosyne. 2015. pp. 1-289

Module 8

Philostratus 2nd c. – 3rd c. ce

Wright, Wilmer Cave, ed. Philostratus and Eunapius : the lives of the Sophists. G. P. Putman’s Sons. 1922

  • Philostratus. Lives of the Sophists. 231-237 ce. pp. ix-318

Himerius 315-386 ce

Swain, Simon, ed. Themistius, Julian and Greek political theory under Rome : texts, translations, and studies of four key works. Cambridge University Press. 2013

  • Sopater. Letter to Himerius. pp. 13-21, 124-131

Himerius; Penella, Robert J, ed. Man and the word : the orations of Himerius. University of California Press. 2007. pp. 1-278

Module 9

Libanius 314-393 ce

Libanius; Cribiore, Raffaella. Between the City and School, Selected Orations of Libanius. Liverpool University Press. 2015. pp. 1-247

(optional) Libanius; Gibson, Craig A., ed. Libanius’s Progymnasmata: Model Exercises in Greek Prose Composition and Rhetoric. Society of biblical Literature. 2008. pp. 1-532

(optional) Libanius; Bradbury, Scott, ed. Selected Letters of Libanius, from the age of Constantius and Julian. Liverpool University Press. 2004. pp. 1-224

(optional) Cribiore, Raffaella, ed. The School of Libanius in Late Antique Antioch. Princeton University Press. 2007. pp. 1-330

Eunapius 4th c. - 5th c. ce

Wright, Wilmer Cave, ed. Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists. Harvard University Press. 1921

Sophism Appendix

Kennedy, George. The Art Of Persuasion In Greece. Princeton University Press. 1963

  • The Attic Orators (Lysias, Trial of Socrates, Demosthenes, Aeschines, Apollodorus, Lycurgus, Hyperides, Dinarchus), pp. 133-263
  • Hellenistic Rhetoric to the Arrival in Rome of Dionysius of Halicamassus, pp. 264-336

Kerferd, G. B. The Sophistic Movement. Cambridge University Press. 1981. pp. 1-176

Kerferd, G.B. The Sophists and their Legacy. Steiner. 1981. pp. 1-141

Jarratt, S. C. The first sophists and the uses of history. Rhetoric Review. 6(1). 1987. pp. 67-78

Schiappa, E. Sophistic rhetoric: Oasis or mirage? Rhetoric Review. 10(1). 1991. pp. 5-18

de Romilly, Jaqueline. The Great Sophists In Periclean Athens. Trans. Janet Lloyd. The Clarendon Press. 1992

  • The Rise and Success of the Sophists, A New Teaching, pp. 1-56
  • Rhetorical Education, The Doctrines of the Sophists: A Tabula Rasa, pp. 57-133
  • The Dangers of the Tabula Rasa: Immoralism, Reconstruction on the Basis of the Tabula Rasa, pp. 134-188
  • Recovering the Virtues, Politics, Conclusion and Afterthoughts, pp. 189-242

McComiskey, B. Sophistic rhetoric and philosophy: A selective bibliography of scholarship in English since 1900. Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 24(3-4). 1994. pp. 25–38

Tell, Håkan. Sages at the Games: Intellectual Displays and Dissemination of Wisdom in Ancient Greece. Classical Antiquity. No. 26. 2007. pp. 249-275

Wolfsdorf, David Conan. Sophistic Method and Practice. W. Martin Bloomer. 2015. pp. 63-74
https://astro.temple.edu/~dwolfsdo/Sophistic%20method.pdf

Cynics

Module 10

What is a Cynic?

Dobbin, Robert, ed. The Cynic Philosophers From Diogenes To Julian. 2012. p. 2

Silvia Montiglio. Wandering Philosophers in Classical Greece. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. 120, 2000. pp. 86-105

Long, A.A. The Concept of the Cosmopolitan in Greek & Roman Thought. Daedalus. Vol. 137, No. 3, On Cosmopolitanism. 2008. pp. 50-58

(optional) Branham, R. Bracht and Goulet-Caze, Marie-Odile, eds. The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy. University of California Press. 1997. pp. 1-416

(optional) Desmond, Williams. Cynics. 2008. pp. 1-236

Antisthenes 445-365 bc

Guthrie, W. K. C. pp. 304-310

Dobbin, Robert. pp. 3-6

Laërtius, Diogenes. Lives, Ch. 1 Antisthenes
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/6/Antisthenes*.html

Dudley, D. R. A History of Cynicism from Diogenes to the 6th Century A.D. Cambridge University Press. 1937. pp. 1-16
https://archive.org/details/historyofcynicis032872mbp

Antisthenes; Kennedy, William John, ed. Antisthenes’ Literary Fragments. Faculty of Arts, University of Sydney. 2017. pp. 1-173 https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/handle/2123/16595/Kennedy_WJ_Thesis%20Final.pdf?sequence=1

Kalouche, Fouad. Antisthenes’ Ethics & Theory Of Language. Revue de Philosophie Ancienne. Vol. 17, No. 1. 1999. pp. 11-41

Navia, Luis E. Classical Cynicism, A Critical Study. Greenwood Press. 1996. pp. 1-80

(optional) Navia, Luis E. Antisthenes of Athens. Westport, Greenwood Press. 2001. pp. 1-150

(optional) Meijer, P.A. A New Perspective on Antisthenes, Logos, Predicate and Ethics in his Philosophy. Amsterdam University Press. 2017. pp. 1-191

(optional) Prince, Susan, ed. Antisthenes of Athens. 2015. pp. 1-714

Module 11

Diogenes of Sinope 412-323 bc & Crates of Thebes 365-285 bc

Dobbin, Robert. pp. 7-78, 79-98

Laërtius, Diogenes. Lives, Ch. 2 Diogenes
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/6/Diogenes*.html

Laërtius, Diogenes. Lives, Ch. 5 Crates
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/6/Crates*.html

Dudley, D. R. pp. 17-38, 42-58
https://archive.org/details/historyofcynicis032872mbp

Navia, Luis E. pp. 81-144

Sloterdijk, Peter. Critique of Cynical Reason. Theory and History of Literature. Vol. 40. 2001. pp. 155-168

Sallust 86-35 bc

Sallust. The War With Catiline. Loeb Classical Library. 1931 (orig. c. 53-35 bc)
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Sallust/Bellum_Catilinae*.html

Module 12

Jesus 4 bc - 33 ce

Hart, David Bentley. The New Testament: A Translation. Yale University Press. 2019

  • The Gospel According to Matthew. pp. 1-62
  • The Gospel According to Mark. pp. 63-102
  • The Gospel According to Luke. pp. 103-167
  • The Gospel According to John. pp. 168-219

Betz, Hans Dieter. Jesus and the Cynics: Survey and Analysis of a Hypothesis. The Journal of Religion. Vol. 74, No. 4. 1994. pp. 453-475

Eddy, Paul Rhodes. Jesus As Diogenes? Reflections On The Cynic Jesus Thesis. Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. 115, No. 3. 1996. pp. 449-469
https://letterepaoline.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/rhodes-eddy-jesus-as-diogenes.pdf

Cutler, Ian. A Tale Of Two Cynics: The Philosophic Duel Between Jesus And The Woman From Syrophoenicia. The Philosophical Forum. Vol. 41, No. 4. 2010. pp. 365-387

Anders Klostergaard Petersen and George van Kooten, eds. Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity. Brill. 2017

  • Jesus among the Philosophers: The Cynic Connection Explored and Affirmed, with a Note on Philo’s Jewish-Cynic Philosophy Bernhard Lang. pp. 187-218
  • The Last Days of Socrates and Christ: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, and Phaedo Read in Counterpoint with John’s Gospel George van Kooten. pp. 219-243

Module 13

Demetrius 1st c. ce

Dobbin, Robert. pp. 115-122

Innes, Doreen C. Aristotle, Poetics, Longinus, On the Sublime, Demetrius, On Style. Harvard University Press. 1995

  • Demetrius. On Style. pp. 309-526

Laërtius, Diogenes. Lives, Book V, Ch. 5, Demetrius
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/5/Demetrius*.html

Dudley, D. R. pp. 125-142
https://archive.org/details/historyofcynicis032872mbp

Navia, Luis E. pp. 145-192

Demonax 70-170 ce

Lucian - Life of Demonax
https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl3/wl302.htm

Dobbin, Robert. pp. 133-134

Sloterdijk, Peter. pp. 169-173

Skeptics

Module 14

What is a Skeptic?

Gerson, L. P. and Inwood, Brad, eds. Hellenistic Philosophy, Introductory Readings. Hackett Publishing Company. 1997. pp. 261-301

Annas, Julia and Barnes, Jonathan, eds. The Modes of Scepticism. Cambridge University Press. 1997. pp. 1-183

Sienkiewicz, Stefan. Five Modes of Scepticism, Sextus Empiricus and the Agrippan Modes. Oxford University Press. 2019. pp. 1-192

(optional) Hume, David. The Skeptic. 1742
https://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/sc

(optional) R.J. Hankinson. The Sceptics. 1999. pp. 1-277

Heraclitus 535-475 bc

Heraclitus; Kahn, Charles H. The Art And Thought Of Heraclitus. Cambridge University Press. 1979. pp. 1-95

Laërtius, Diogenes. Lives, Book IX, Ch. 1 Heraclitus
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/9/Heraclitus*.html

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, Heraclitus
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpheraclitus.htm

Isocrates 436-338 bc

Isocrates; Mirhady, David C., Too, Yun Lee, eds. Isocrates I. University of Texas Press. 2000. pp. 11-264

Module 15

Cicero 106-43 bc

Cicero; Miller, Walter, ed. On Duties. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. 1913
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Officiis/home.html

Charles Brittain, ed. Cicero, On Academic Scepticism. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 2006

  • Cicero. Lucullus (Academica Book 2). pp. 3-86
  • Cicero. Academici Libri Book 1 (Varro). pp. 87-107
  • Cicero. Fragments from the Academici Libri. pp. 108-112

On the Sublime 1st c. ce

Fyfe, W. H. Aristotle, Longinus, Demetrius. Harvard University Press. 1995

  • Unknown. On the Sublime. pp. 143-308

Module 16

Sextus Empiricus 160-210 ce

Sextus Empiricus; Annas, Julia, and Barnes, Jonathan, eds. Outlines of Scepticism. Cambridge University Press. 2000. pp. 1-216

Sextus Empiricus; Bett, Richard, ed. Sextus Empiricus, Against Those in the Disciplines. Oxford University Press. 2018. pp. 1-236

Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ed. pp. 279-293

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, Skepticism https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpscepticism.htm

Gerson, L. P. and Inwood, Brad. pp. 302-398

Epicureans

Module 17

What is an Epicurean?

Tim O’Keefe. Epicureanism. Acumen. 2010. pp. 1-174

Gerson, L. P. and Inwood, Brad. pp. 3-102

Dudley, D. R. pp. 87-109
https://archive.org/details/historyofcynicis032872mbp

Epicurus 341-270 bc

Epicurus; Lloyd P. Gerson, Brad Inwood, eds. The Epicurus Reader: Selected Writings and Testimonia. Hackett Publishing. 1994. pp. vii-104

Smith, Adam. Theory of Moral Sentiments, Part VII, Section II, Chapter II. 1759
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-adam/works/moral/part07/part7b2.htm

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, Epicurus
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpepicur.htm

Module 18

Lucretius 99-55 bc

Lucretius; Johnston, Ian, ed. On the Nature of Things. 2017
http://johnstoniatexts.x10host.com/lucretius/lucretiustofc.html

Diogenes of Oenoanda 2nd c. ce

Smith, M. F., ed. The Epicurean The Inscription, And Supplement To Diogenes Of Oinoanda. Bibilopolis. 2003
http://www.english.enoanda.cat/the_inscription.html

Epicureanism Appendix

Hume, David. The Epicurean. 1742
https://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/ep

Warren, James, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Epicureanism. Cambridge University Press. 2009. pp. 1-233

FIsh, Jeffrey and Sanders, Kirk R., eds. Epicurus and the Epicurean Tradition. Cambridge University Press. 2011. pp. 1-234

Stoics

Module 19

What is a Stoic?

Diogenes Laërtius, Lives, Book VII, Ch. 1, Zeno http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Zeno*.html

Gerson, L. P. and Inwood, Brad. pp. 103-260

Sellars, John. Stoicism. Routledge. 2006. pp. 1-158

Inwood, Brad and Gerson, Lloyd P., eds. The Stoics Reader. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 2008. pp. 1-205

Seneca the Younger 4 bc - 65 ce

Richard M. Gummere, ed. Seneca’s Epistles Volume I. The Loeb Classical Library, Harvard UP, stoics.com. 1925
https://www.stoics.com/seneca_epistles_book_1.html

  • Seneca. On Saving Time, On Discursiveness in Reading, On the Philosopher’s Mean, On Sharing Knowledge, On the Philosopher’s Seclusion, On the Futility of Learning Maxims, On Allegiance to Virtue, On the Proper Style for a Philosopher’s Discourse, On Values, On the Shortness of Life, On Being, On the Philosopher’s Task, On the First Cause

Davie, John and Reinhardt, Tobias, eds. Dialogues and Essays. Oxford University Press. 2007

  • Seneca. Consolation to Marcia. pp. 53-84
  • Seneca. On the Happy Life. pp. 85-111
  • Seneca. On The Tranquillity of the Mind. pp. 112-139
  • Seneca. Consolation to Helvia. pp. 163-187
  • Seneca. Natural Questions, Book 6: On Earthquakes. pp. 219-248

Kaster, Robert A. and Nussbaum, Martha C. eds. Anger, Mercy, Revenge (The Complete Works of Lucius Annaeus Seneca). University of Chicago Press. 2012

  • Seneca. On Anger. pp. 3-96
  • Seneca. On Clemency. pp. 133-179
  • (optional) Seneca. The Pumpkinification of Claudius the God. pp. 197-236

(optional) Seneca; Fantham, Elaine, ed. Selected Letters. Oxford University Press. 2010. pp.1-276

Module 20

Gaius Musonius Rufus 20-101 ce

Gaius Musonius Rufus; Lutz, Cora, ed. Lectures and Fragments. Yale University Press
https://sites.google.com/site/thestoiclife/the_teachers/musonius-rufus

Dio Chrysostom 40-115 ce

Cohoon, J. W. and Crosby, H. Lamar, eds; Thayer, Bill, ed. The Text of Dio Chrysostom on LacusCurtius. Loeb Classical Library and Harvard University Press. 2012 (orig. translation 1951)
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/home.html

  • Dio Chrysostom. Diogenes, or On Virtue
  • Dio Chrysostom. The Isthmian Discourse
  • Dio Chrysostom. The Olympic Discourse: On Man’s First Conception of God
  • Dio Chrysostom. On Training for Public Speaking
  • Dio Chrysostom. On Socrates
  • Dio Chrysostom. On Philosophy
  • Dio Chrysostom. On the Philosopher
  • Dio Chrysostom. On Envy
  • Dio Chrysostom. On Freedom

Dobbin, Robert. pp. 123-124

Dudley, D. R. pp. 143-185
https://archive.org/details/historyofcynicis032872mbp

Epictetus 55-135 ce

Hazlitt, Frances and Henry, eds. The Wisdom of the Stoics. University Press of America. 1984

  • Epictetus. Discourses, in Four Books. pp. 71-95
  • Epictetus. Fragments. pp. 96-100
  • Arrian. The Enchiridion, or Manual. pp. 101-122

Beck, Sanderson. Manual of Epictetus Dobbin, Robert. p. 135

(optional) Long, A.A. From Epicurus to Epictetus, Studies in Hellenistic and Roman Philosophy. Clarendon Press. 2006. pp. 1-394

Module 21

Hierocles 2nd c. ce

Hierocles; Ramelli, Ilaria, ed. Hierocles the Stoic. Sanderson Books Limited. 2009. pp. xix-140

Marcus Aurelius 121 – 180 ce

Marcus Aurelius; Long, George, ed. The Meditations. MIT, The Internet Classics Archive. 2015 (orig. 167 ce)
http://classics.mit.edu/Antoninus/meditations.html

van Ackeren, Marcel, ed. A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. Wiley-Backwell. 2012. pp. 315-480

Stoicism Appendix

Smith, Adam. Part VII, Section II, Chapter I
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-adam/works/moral/part07/part7b.htm

Hume, David. The Stoic. 1742
https://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/sto

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, The Philosophy of the Stoics
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpstoics.htm

Mates, Benson. Stoic Logic. University of California Press. 1961. pp. 1-94

Long, A. A. Epictetus, a Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life. Clarendon Press. 2002. pp. 1-274

Inwood, Brad, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics. Cambridge University Press. 2003. pp. 1-392

Bonazzi, Mauro and Helmig, Christoph, eds. Platonic Stoicism - Stoic Platonism. Leuven University Press. 2007. pp. 87-208

Long, A.G., ed. Plato and the Stoics. Cambridge University Press. 2013. pp. 1-173

Rowe, C. Kavin. One True Life. Yale University Press. 2016. pp. 1-258

Socratics

Module 22

What does philosophy understand rhetoric to be?

Diogenes Laërtius, Lives, Book II, Ch. 5, Socrates
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/2/Socrates*.html

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, Socrates
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpsocrates.htm

W. K. C. Guthrie - A History of Greek Philosophy, Volume 3, Part 2: Socrates. Cambridge University Press. 1971. pp. 1-186

Scott, Gary Alan. Plato’s Socrates as Educator. State University of New York Press. 2000. pp. 1-178

Polt, Richard, ed. Twilight of the Idols. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 1997 (orig. 1889)

  • Nietzsche, Friedrich. Epigrams and Arrows, The Problem of Socrates, “Reason” in Philosophy, How the “True World” Finally Became a Fiction. pp. 1-24

David M. Schaps. Socrates and the Socratics: When Wealth Became a Problem. Classical World. No. 96. 2003. pp. 131-157

Plato 429-347 bc

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Ion. pp. 423-436 [530a-542b]

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Euthydemus. pp. 237-268 [271a-307c]

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Sophist. pp. 1471-1554 [216a-268b]

Jowett, Benjamin.

  • Plato. Symposium. pp. 1627-1676 [172a-223d]

Diogenes Laërtius, Lives, Book III, Plato
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/3/Plato*.html

Hume, David. The Platonist. 1742
https://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/pl

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, Plato
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpplato.htm

Guthrie, W. K. C. Vol. 3, Part 1. pp. 55-83, 107-112, 235-246, 250-260, 298-303

Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ed.

  • Critias pp. 241-270
  • Euthydemus of Chios pp. 294-302

Aristotle 384-322 bc

Swain, Simon.

  • Aristotle. Letter of Aristotle to Alexander. pp. 108-123, 180-207

Joe Sachs, ed. Plato: Gorgias and Aristotle: Rhetoric. Focus. 2008

  • Aristotle. Rhetoric. pp. 121-284

Aristotle; Halliwell, Stephen, ed. Poetics. Bristol Classical Press. 1998. pp. 1-142

Diogenes Laërtius. Lives, Book V, Ch. 1, Aristotle
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/5/Aristotle*.html

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, Aristotle
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hparistotle.htm

Höffe, Otfried. Aristotle. State University of New York Press. pp. 1-204

Sandbach, F. H. Aristotle and the Stoics. Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1985. pp. 1-64

Husain, Martha. Ontology and the Art of Tragedy. State University of New York Press. 2002. pp. 1-110

Module 23

Quintilian 35-100 ce

Quintilian; Murphy, James J., ed. Quintilian on the Teaching of Speaking and Writing: Translations from Books One, Two and Ten of the Institutio oratoria (Landmarks in Rhetoric and Public Address). Southern Illinois University Press. 1987. pp. vii-159

Plutarch 45-120 ce

Plutarch; Russell, Donald. Selected Essay and Dialogues. Oxford University Press. 1993. pp. ix-348

(optional) Plutarch; Mensch, Pamela and Romm, James, eds. Lives That Made Greek History. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 2012. pp. 1-273

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, The New Academy
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpnewacademy.htm

Sloterdijk, Peter. p. 301-328

Apuleius 124-170 ce

Apuleius; Joel C. Relihan, ed. The Golden Ass: Or, a Book of Changes. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 2007. pp. 1-254

(optional) Apuleius; David Londey and Carmen Johanson, eds. The Logic of Apuleius. Including a complete Latin text and English translation of the Peri hermeneias of Apuleius of Madaura. Brill, Philosophia Antiqua. 1987. pp. 1-118

Module 24

Plotinus 205-278 ce

Plotinus and Porphyry, ed; Lloyd P. Gerson, ed. The Enneads. Cambridge University Press. 2018 (orig. 270 ce). pp. 1-898

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; Haldane, E. S. and Simson, Frances H. Lectures, Alexandrian Philosophy
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/hp/hpalexandrian.htm

Stamatellos, Giannis. Plotinus and the Presocratics. State University of New York Press. 2007. pp. 1-176

(optional) Graeser, Andreas. Plotinus and the Stoics. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 1972. pp. 1-137

Iamblichus 245-325 ce

Anonymous Iamblichus. Exhortation to Philosophy
https://erenow.net/ancient/the-first-philosophers-the-presocratics-and-sophists/25.php

Iamblichus; John M. Dillon, Wolfgang Polleichtner, eds. Iamblichus of Chalcis: The Letters. Brill. 2009. pp. xiii - 98

Module 25

Emperor Julian 331-363 ce

Julian. The works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. I-III. The Loeb Classical Library, HathiTrust. 1817.

Swain, Simon.

  • Letter to Themistus. pp. 53-107, 160-179

Dobbin, Robert. pp. 136-137

Dudley, D. R. pp. 202-208
https://archive.org/details/historyofcynicis032872mbp

Themistius 317-390 ce

Swain, Simon.

  • Letter to Julian. pp. 22-41, 132-159

Heather, Peter and Moncur, David, eds. Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century, Select Orations of Themistius. Liverpool University Press. 2001. pp. 1-334

Penella, Robert J., ed. The Private Orations of Themistius. University of California Press. 2000. pp. 1-242

Stertz, Stephen A. Themistius: A Hellenic Philosopher-Statesman in the Christian Roman Empire. The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, Inc. 1976. pp. 349-358

Module 26

Augustine 354-430 ce

Augustine; Outler, Albert, ed. Confessions. University of Michigan and Wikisource. 2017 (orig. 400 ce, translation 1955)
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Saint_Augustine_(Outler)

Augustine; Dods, Marcus, ed. The City of God. Christian Literature Publishing Co. and New Advent. 2017 (orig. 426 ce, translation 1887). pp.1-558
http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1201.htm

(optional) Augustine; Hill, Edmund O.P. and Rotelle, John E., eds. On Genesis. Augustinian Heritage 1nstitute, 1nc. 2002. pp. 1-506

(optional) Augustine; Fitzgerald, Allan, Hill, Edmund and Ramsey, Boniface, eds. Homilies on the Gospel of John. New City Press. 2009. pp.1-606

Atkins, E. M. and Dodaro, R.J., eds. Political Writings. Cambridge University Press. 2001

  • (optional) Augustine. Letters, Commentary, Sermons. pp. 1-226

(optional) Augustine; Teske, Roland J, SJ, ed. Augustine of Hippo, Philosopher, Exegete, and Theologian, A second Collection of Essays. Marquette University Press. 2009. pp. 11-110

Smith, Adam. Part VII, Section II, Chapter III
https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-adam/works/moral/part07/part7b2.htm#2.3

Polt, Richard.

  • Nietzsche, Friedrich. Morality as Anti-Nature, The Four Great Errors, Those Who “Improve” Humanity. pp. 25-42

Ancient Rhetoric Appendix

Concurrent works of rhetoric:
Philodemus “epigrams, On Death”, Monimus - cynic, Onesicritus - cynic, Menippus - satire, Pythagoras - numerical math cult, Zeno of Elea - paradoxes, Democritus - Epicurus Marx’s dissertation subject, Xenophon - history, Alcinous “handbook of platonism”, Porphyry - Pagan Platonist logician and commentator “Isagoge”, Proclus - Greek Neoplatonist, Damascius - last classical Neoplatonist “Plato commentary”, Simplicius of Cilicia “Aristotle commentary”, Diodorus Cronus - master argument on Aristotle’s problem of future contingents, Archimedes - math/science, Ptolemy - astronomer, Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius “Commentary on the Dream of Scipio”, Gregory of Nazianzus - criticized emperor Julian

Long, A.A. Hellenistic Philosophy, Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics. Scribner. 1974. pp. 1-248

Kennedy, George A. A New History of Classical Rhetoric. Princeton University Press. 1994. pp. 1-204

Long, A.A., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 1999. pp. 1-360

David Sedley, ed. The Cambridge Companion To Greek And Roman Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 2003. pp. 1-352

Worthington, Ian. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, A Companion to Greek Rhetoric. John Wiley & Sons. 2006. pp. 1-561

Chernoglazov, A. and Zhmud, Leonid, eds. The Origin of the History of Science in Classical Antiquity. Walter de Gruyter. 2006. pp. 1-308

Worthington, Ian., ed. A Companion to Greek Rhetoric. Blackwell Publishing. 2007. pp. 1-561

Luchte, James. Early Greek Thought, Before the Dawn. Continuum. 2011. pp. 3-179

Boys-Stones, George, and Rowe, Christopher, eds. The Circle of Socrates, Readings in the First-Generation Socratics. Hackett Publishing Co. 2013. pp. 1-298

Engberg-Pedersen, Troels, ed. From Stoicism to Platonism. Cambridge University Press. 2017. pp. 1-347